Antibody - a protein manufactured by the body`s immune system
(in humans and primates) in response to the presence of a specific antigen. Aids the body to repel infections.
Pancreas - an organ located at the back of the lower region of the stomach, which is about hand-sized. It produces insulin so that the body can burn sugar (glucose) for energy. It also produces enzymes, which enable the body to digest food. Scattered over the pancreas are clusters called the islets of Langerhans. Each of the cells contained in this area are endocrine cells that have a specific purpose. The alpha cells make glucagon, which increases glucose levels in the bloodstream; the beta cells manufacture insulin; the delta cells make somatostatin, which tells the body when to make the hormones insulin, glucagons, gastrin, secretin, and renin.
Chromosome - stringy components contained in the cell that contain DNA and proteins. Chromosomes are the carriers of the genes that convey hereditary characteristics.
Beta Cells - the insulin producing cells of the pancreas.
Very Low-Calorie Diet - also abbreviated to `VLCD`. A person following a VLCD only ingests a commercially-prepared formula, which contains 800 calories or less, in lieu of regular food. A VLCD could allow a person to get slimmer more quickly than is usually attainable by adopting a low-cal diet program, but should only be followed under the close supervision of a qualified healthcare provider.
Orlistat - also called and marketed as Xenical, a drug for the treatment of obesity. This drug reduces the amount of fat the body absorbs. It works by inhibiting the pancreatic enzyme, lipase, that synthesizes fat in the intestine. Without lipase, the fat in food is not digested, but purged from the body through excretion. It also prevents the body from absorbing certain fat-soluble vitamins and beta carotene. People taking this drug need to take supplementary vitamins that include fat soluble (A, D, E, and K) vitamins and beta carotene. The most common negative effects of orlistat are gas along with discharge, fecal incontinence, fatty/oily stools, and repeated bowel movements.
Diabetic Coma - a severe emergency in which a diabetic patient is not conscious because of extremely high or low blood sugar levels. If the glucose level is too low, the person is suffering from hypoglycemia (insulin shock); when the blood sugar level is dangerously high, the person is in a diabetic coma and could develop ketoacidosis.
Ally Methyl Trisulfide Dithiolthiones - a sort of sulfide / thiol that is present in cruciferous vegetables, that possibly provide the health benefits of reducing LDL cholesterol and of maintaining a healthy immune system.
Deltoids - The triangular, 3-part muscles (front deltoid, side deltoid, and rear deltoid), which that wrap around the tops of the shoulders. They enable lifting the arms forward, backward, and out to the sides, and additionally rotate the arms inward and outward.
Diabetes - the name that covers a group of diseases having a common characteristic of high blood sugar (glucose) levels. Normally, when people eat, food is digested and much of it is converted to glucose (also known as dextrose) - a monosaccharide (simple sugar) that is the main source of energy for the body. The blood transports the glucose to tissues and cells, where the hormone insulin aids in its absorption. For those with diabetes, however, the body cannot make sufficient insulin, or cannot properly metabolize the insulin it does make. In the absence of insulin, glucose builds up in the blood rather than being transported to the cells. This results in elevated blood sugar.
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes - a condition in which the pancreas is unable to secret any insulin, resulting in excessive blood sugar levels. Also called `juvenile diabetes`.
Phytochemicals - chemical constituents found in edible vegetables and fruits which humans can consume on a daily basis in gram quantities and which are reported to have beneficial effects for human health (such as antioxidant properties) that could reduce the health risk of malignancies. (Also look at functional foods.)
Ulcer - a break in the skin; a sore in which the tissue surface is damaged or eroded. Individuals with diabetes might develop ulcers from slight scrapes on the feet or legs, because of cuts that heal slowly, or from the chaffing of footwear that is ill-fitting. Ulcers may become infected.
Organic - in the sphere of agriculture, describes agricultural products, which are grown by means of cultural, biological, and mechanical processes before resorting to artificial, non-agricultural agents in order to control pests, improve soil quality and / or streamline processing. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is currently defining the criteria for organic produce, and has official regulations for what products may be considered organic.
Hydration - the amount of fluid levels in the body. It is important to ingest a minimum of 2 quarts of water through the day. Additional quantities might be required to replenish any fluid the body loses in sweat during physical activity.
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